Finance and Accounting of Carillion Plc Research Paper

Money and Accounting of Carillion Plc - Research Paper Example Putting together a contention with respect to the money related data (salary proclamation) there is a diminishing in the general execution of the firm. The fundamental thing in the pay explanation that outstands is an abatement in the income of the firm. In the 2011 monetary year, the all out income was  £4.9 billion which declined to  £4.4billion before the finish of year 2012 then downscaled to  £ 4.1 in the year 2013. From the examination, this shows a decline of 10.2% and 6.9% from 2011 to 2013 individually. The primary driver of the decrease from the money related report was the issue of rescaling the UK development exercises with the goal that they ensure that they are related in the size of their picked advertise segments (Annual Report 136). Such diminishing in the income was foreseen as the organization was attempting to rebuild and thusly fit the upper hand. In any case, the hazard profile and by and large quality improved as they stayed particular in picking gets tha t they attempted to offer. Furthermore, from the salary articulation, it is obviously indicated that the firm encountered a huge diminishing in the costs. The all out cost in the year 2012 was  £ 11.5 million which diminished to  £ 9.5 million. From the calculation, this is 17.4% decrease in the costs. Other intrigue payable included private arrangement financing interest ( £14.3), money rent of  £1.2 million and rebate related with rent arrangements ( £1.4 million). From the venture perspective, this great sign for financial specialists as the organization has a future development because of diminishing the expenses of activity. The fundamental benefit of activities declined to  £214 million prompting a diminishing in the general income. This diminished structure (2012:  £ 227.9) be that as it may; the working edge stayed at 5.6% thus speculators ought to be worried about the firm’s capacity to produce benefits.

α-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Coffee

ÃŽ ±-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Coffee Unique The movement based fractionation of espresso arrangements by a progression of chromatography methods prompted the seclusion of a functioning compound I which showed a solid inhibitory action against ÃŽ ±-glucosidase. The structure of compound I was built up as norharman (9H-pyrido[3.4-b]indole) based on HR-FAB-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 1H-1H Cozy spectra. Compound I strongly hindered ÃŽ ±-glucosidase in a fixation subordinate way yet it didn't display any critical action against different glycosidases. A Lineweaver-Burk plot uncovered that its hindrance method of compound was uncompetitive with a Ki estimation of 0.13 mM. Watchwords: ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor, ÃŽ ²-carboline, norharman, espresso, uncompetitive inhibitor Presentation Espresso is the most usually devoured refreshments on the planet and the medical advantages of espresso utilization have been widely considered [10]: espresso has solid cell reinforcement properties in vivo [16, 18] and furthermore diminishes the danger of Parkinson’s [11] and Alzheimer’s maladies [4]. Ongoing investigations have exhibited that routine espresso utilization is identified with an essentially lower danger of type 2 diabetes [17, 19], yet it stays hazy what components and what espresso constituents are liable for the watched affiliation. Creature and in vitro investigations have recommended a few conceivable instruments for a gainful impact of espresso on glucose digestion: increment in insulin affectability [14], restraint of glucose 6-phosphatase [2], an expansion of glucagon-like peptide I fixation [15], and diminishes the pace of intestinal ingestion of glucose [12]. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase is basic for starch assimilation since sugars must be debased enzymatically in the digestive system before they can be consumed. The hindrance of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase hinders the procedure of dietary starches processing and keeps away from postprandial hyperglycemia that assumes a focal job in the improvement of interminable diabetes related difficulty [8]. In this manner, ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors have displayed high guarantee as remedial operators for the treatment of metabolic issue, for example, type II non insulin subordinate diabetes, weight, and hyperglycemia [3]. This work was planned to assess ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitory impact of espresso recently revealed as hypoglycemic and portray the dynamic guideline detached from espresso. Materials and Methods General p-Nitrophenyl (PNP)- ÃŽ ±-D-glucopyranoside, PNP-ÃŽ ±-D-mannopyranoside, PNP-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranoside and PNP-ÃŽ ²-D-galactopyranoside were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Yeast ÃŽ ±-glucosidase, almond ÃŽ ²-glucosidase, E. coli ÃŽ ²-galactosidase, jack beans ÃŽ ±-mannosidase, rodent intestinal CH3)2CO powders, and norharman were additionally acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Except if expressed something else, every single further synthetic were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents were of systematic evaluation. The UV range was recorded on a Shimadzu model UV-160 spectrophotometer. High-goals FAB mass spectra were acquired with a JEOL model JMS-AX505 HA spectrometer. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were gotten on a Brucker AV 500 spectrometer working at 500 and 125 MHz, individually. (CD3)2CO was utilized as the dissolvable. Compound hindrance test The intestinal ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitory movement was resolved as portrayed already with a slight change [5]. The rodent intestinal CH3)2CO powder was suspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate cradle (pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. The resultant supernatant was utilized as the wellspring of the little intestinal ÃŽ ±-glucosidases. For the test of inhibitory exercises of maltase and sucrase, the response blend comprised of unrefined compound arrangement, 20 mM maltose or 200 mM sucrose, 100 mM sodium phosphate cushion (pH 7.0) and a given measure of inhibitor (half dimethyl sulfoxide arrangement) in an all out volume of 0.5 ml. After the response blend was brooded for 15 min at 37 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¦', response was halted by warming the blend at 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¦' for 5 min. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase movement was evaluated by estimating the freed glucose sum utilizing the glucose oxidase strategy. Before estimating the glucose sum, the meddling operator, phenolic mixes were expel led from response blend by going through a fundamental alumina segment (1 x 3 cm). Acarbose was utilized as the positive control. The enzymatic exercises of the different glycosidases were resolved spectrophotometrically by checking the arrival of p-nitrophenol from the proper p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate [13]. The examine arrangements and the potential inhibitors were added to a 96-well plate as follows: 20 L of 0.1 M phosphate cradle (pH 7.0), 20 L inhibitor, 10 L chemical (1 U/mL), 10 L of 25 mM substrate and 40 L of methanol. Following hatching at 37  °C for 15 min, the test arrangement was halted by including 300 L of 1 N NH4OH arrangement. The glycosidase movement was controlled by estimating the measure of 4-nitrophenol discharged from p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate was resolved with a microplate peruser model 550 (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) at 405 nm. The entirety of the examinations were acted in triplicate. The grouping of the inhibitor required for repressing 50 % of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase action (IC50) was determined by changing the exploratory information (% restraint versus the convergence of the inhibitor) to non-direct relapse bends. The component of protein restraint was evaluated by examining the twofold proportional Lineweaver-Burk plot. Segregation of inhibitory compound from espresso Sifted fermented espresso was set up in a family unit espresso producer: 75 g of ground broil espresso of Columbian Supremo (Arabica assortment) and 500 ml water to give a blended espresso. Business moment espresso (Tasters’ decision, Nestle) was made by dissolving 75 g moment espresso in 300 ml of high temp water. Sifted blended espresso and moment espresso arrangements were independently centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and room temperature for 15 min, and utilized for segregation of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor. The supernatant was acclimated to pH 9 with 1 N NaOH and separated with ethyl acetic acid derivation. The ethyl acetic acid derivation layer was then extricated with 0.1 N HCl arrangement. This acidic arrangement was again acclimated to pH 10 with watery alkali and separated with ethyl acetic acid derivation. The natural layer containing essential parts was in this way vanished in vacuo. Forty groups of the above ethyl acetic acid derivation extricates (absolute 3 kg every o ne of ground espresso and moment espresso) were thought and exposed to silica gel segment chromatography with an isocratic dissolvable arrangement of chloroform-CH3)2CO (70:30). Divisions containing the dynamic compound (F3-F6) were consolidated, dissipated, and exposed to a Sephadex LH-20 section (3 x 35cm) with MeOH as an eluent. Division number 10-12, which demonstrated a high restraint and a comparative TLC profile (silica gel 60 F254, Merck, chloroform:acetone = 1:1, rf 0.2) were consolidated and further cleansed. The last decontamination of the dynamic compound was accomplished through semi-preparative HPLC partition on a turned around stage C18 section (ÃŽ ¼Bondapak, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) eluting with 75 % MeOH and distinguished through assimilation at 254 nm. The maintenance time was 14.5 min. Subsequent to evacuating the HPLC dissolvable in rotating evaporator, the dynamic compound was acquired as a white powder by crystallization from cold CH3)2CO. Results and Discussion Both moment espresso and ground blended espresso arrangements hinder ÃŽ ±-glucosidase chemical action. Moment espresso indicated a marginally higher level of hindrance than prepared espresso (Data not appeared). The movement based fractionation of espresso arrangements by a progression of chromatography methods prompted the segregation of a functioning compound I (2.24 ÃŽ ¼g/g of broiled ground espresso; 3.85 ÃŽ ¼g/g of moment espresso) which showed a solid inhibitory action against ÃŽ ±-glucosidase. The disconnected compound I was demonstrated to be chromatographically unadulterated by TLC and HPLC with different dissolvable frameworks and found to be a nitrogen-containing compound dependent on a positive response to Dragendorff’s reagent. The UV range of the compound in methanol showed ingestion maxima at 230, 285 and 348 nm. The sub-atomic equation of compound I was resolved to be C11H8N2 (M+ m/z 168.0736; calcd. 168.0688) by high goals mass examination. 1H NMR range of compound I demonstrated 7 fragrant proton signals (ÃŽ'7.2-8.9 ppm) and one free proton signal (ÃŽ'10.63 ppm). 13C NMR range demonstrated 11 carbon flags around 110-145 ppm (Table 1). Taken together, the structure of compound I was reasoned as ÃŽ ²-carboline, norharman (9H-pyrido[3.4-b]indole, Fig. 1) with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 1H-1H Cozy spectra and affirmed by correlation of physical information with those of the credible example. Compound I powerfully hindered ÃŽ ±-glucosidase in a focus subordinate way, yet it didn't show any critical inhibitory impacts against ÃŽ ²-glucosidase, ÃŽ ±-mannosidase, and ÃŽ ²-galactosidase when tried at a grouping of 10 mM (Table 2). The inhibitory profile exhibited that the action of compound I was more noteworthy against maltase contrasted and sucrase (IC50 values: 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase). In spite of the fact that the inhibitory intensity was more fragile than that of restorative medication acarbose (IC50 esteem: 0.18 mM for maltase and 0.02 mM for sucrase), watched information obviously demonstrated the capability of compound I as a ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor. The pre-brooding of compound I with the catalyst expanded the hindrance of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase movement, inferring that this compound responded with the protein gradually. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase action was completely reestablished when the chemical was brooded with a measure of compound I which could re strain catalyst action up to 90 % followed by taking out the compound I with a PD 10 desalting segment (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A). This outcome showed that compound I was a reversible inhibito

What Does Depressive Disorder NOS Mean

What Does Depressive Disorder NOS Mean Depression Types Print Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders How This Term Was Used in the Fourth Edition of the DSM By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 PEDRE / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In the fourth edition of  the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which was written and issued by the American Psychiatric Association  (APA), NOS is an abbreviation for not otherwise specified. It serves as a sort of catch-all term to label symptoms that dont neatly fall into a well-defined diagnosis, but that clearly indicates that someone is dealing with an illness thats part of a  specific family of diagnoses.?? An example of this is Depressive Disorder NOS. A doctor using the DSM-IV to diagnose a patient may have chosen this label if it was clear that the persons symptoms showed they were dealing with a particular type of depression (rather  than, say, a panic disorder or an  anxiety disorder), but there wasnt enough information to home in a specific type of depression, such as dysthymia or bipolar disorder. Some other examples of not otherwise specified mental disorders include: Anxiety Disorder NOSBipolar Disorder NOSDissociative Disorder NOSEating Disorder NOSGender Identity Disorder NOS    Impulse-Control Disorder NOSMood Disorder NOSParasomnia NOS  Personality Disorder NOSPervasive Developmental Disorder NOSPsychotic Disorder NOSSexual Dysfunction NOSSomatoform Disorder NOS Why NOS Is No Longer in the DSM Today you wont find a NOS diagnosis for depressive disorder or any other mental disorder in the DSM (now on its fifth edition). This isnt because there are fewer people with the symptoms but because its considered an outdated diagnostic category. The DSM is what clinicians and psychiatrists use to assess and diagnose psychiatric disorders. It is also used for billing as many health insurance providers require a specific diagnosis for approval of payment for treatment.?? There have been several versions of the DSM manual since it was first published in 1952 (DSM-1), including the most recent DSM-5 (note that the use of Roman numerals was dropped from the title of the manual), which was published in May of 2013 and contains some significant changes from previous editions. Other Specified and Unspecified Changes included the elimination of the catch-all not otherwise specified (and NOS) subcategory. The authors have replaced it with other specified and unspecified to indicate clusters of symptoms that do not neatly fit into another existing category.?? Why two terms to replace one? The difference is based on whether the diagnosing doctor chooses to indicate why the diagnostic criteria were not met. An example of other specified might be a depressive episode that does not have the full number of symptoms to meet the formal diagnosis. By contrast, unspecified might be used in a situation in which there isnt enough information to make a more specific diagnosis. According to the APA, unspecified allows doctors to provide patients with the best possible care in, for example, emergency situations when there isnt time to get all the information necessary to make a solid diagnosis, but treatment is nevertheless needed. An unspecified label will allow a physician to be as specific as possible in their diagnosis without necessarily showing that a patient meets the full criteria for a given diagnosis. For example, in an emergency room setting, the medical professional on staff can use the diagnosis of unspecified depressive disorder for problems that do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the depressive disorders diagnostic class or if there simply isnt enough information for a conclusive diagnosis. Why Some Disorders Arent Found in the DSM-5 Making Diagnoses More Universal Replacing NOS brings the DSM-5 more in line with the World Health Organizations International Classification of Diseases  (ICD).?? This diagnostic tool  is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. It is the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes, according to the World Health Organization. The ICD requires mandatory codes for disorders that do not precisely fit current definitions for major disorders. So how will this change impact you? While reclassifying mental disorders and making them more universal wont change the symptoms associated with your specific condition, it will hopefully enable mental health professionals to formulate a more tailored treatment plan that addresses your individual symptoms, needs, and overall health. How Depression Is Diagnosed With the DSM-5

The Enola Gay - 1506 Words

One of the biggest controversies of the 20th century was caused by one little plane, the Enola Gay. The Enola Gay was a B-29 Superfortress bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. August 6, 1945 was a historic day. Lives were lost and it was the start of the very end of World War ll. The use of this very destructive weapon could be seen as inhumane, but it was a decision that had to be made. Americans and people from other countries today have their own opinion of our war ending tactic. What is important to think about is that sometimes tough decisions have to be made for the greater good of everyone. The use of the Enola Gay was justified in that it was used for the greater good of saving thousands of lives, but also helping to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The committee concluded that the bomb should be used to end the war as soon as possible; that it should be dropped on a military-urban target so as to demonstrate its full force; and that a demonstration or warnin g should not be made beforehand, lest the bomb lose its shock value.† (McDougall np) The United States had two options really and they were either invade Japanese mainland or use the atomic bomb. â€Å"The Japanese navy had ceased to exist and Japan s military losses were staggering, but instead of surrendering the Japanese army decided to fight on. U.S. military leaders then calculated what losses could be expected if U.S. troops invaded the Japanese mainland. Based on earlier battles, they expected the casualties to be horrendous.† (Hiroshima 77) In war, lives being lost is unavoidable, however President Truman knew that if the bomb was not dropped the amount of casualties would be too many from the invasion. The crew members of the Enola Gay have a story that only they can tell. They were the people the dropped the first atomic bomb. Since the dropping of the bomb is such a controversial topic, many people probably wonder how the people that went through with this wa r-ending tactic feel about it. The crew felt that the use of the bomb was definitely justified, but a few were disappointed that it had to come to that point even though

The Crucible, The Lord Of The Flies, And The Book Thief

Expository Seminar Presentation Good afternoon everyone, I’m Jordan Zelenak and today I’m here to talk to you about how my past 5 years of English study have affected my overall attitudes values and beliefs. Although English isn’t my best subject nor the most enjoyable, I can’t deny that it has been extremely valuable when it came to teaching key attitudes and beliefs and reinforcing ones which already existed. To highlight this, I have selected the play, The Crucible, the movie, The Lord of the Flies, and the novel, The book Thief. For each I will analyse how each have affected my attitudes values and beliefs, how each have affected how I view the world and how each successfully use impactful aesthetic devices. ‘The Crucible’, was written†¦show more content†¦The study of the crucible also allowed me to learn of the struggles of puritan lifestyle and how their Witch Trials which killed numerous innocent lives were extremely similar to the McCarthy hearings of the 1950’s. It allowed me to realise how the Puritan lifestyle was extremely strict as the government was intertwined with the church and religious beliefs meaning questioning officials was deemed as questioning their religion their society was based on. The witch trials also allowed me to gain an understanding of the McCarthy hearings as during these trials people were wrongly accused of being communist spies forcing them to lose their job and tarnishing their reputation in the process. As is evident the study of the crucible has also helped me to learn about the time and era the play was set as well as the tragedy of the McCarthy trials from which it was based. The crucible also demonstrated aesthetic devices that are memorable to me even though I studied it a year ago. The most notable aesthetic device which I can recall is during Giles Corey’s execution by weighted stones. As stones were placed on top of a board placed on his chest he was asked one final time to respond to the charges that were falsely placed against him however his last words were â€Å"More Weight† which in turn killed him as the sheer weight crushed his body. In this scene the weight symbolisesShow MoreRelatedBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pageschoose from the below list. Tan, Amy, The Joy Luck Club Lahiri, Jhumpa, The Namesake Dickens, Charles, Great Expectations Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, Heat and Dust Winch, Tara June, Swallow the Air Gaita, Raimond, Romulus, My Father Miller, Arthur, The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of Emily DicksinsonRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or al l caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge

Thesis Sample Free Essays

Thesis sample ******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. com/phpBB3 How to cite Thesis Sample, Essay examples

Of Power and Time free essay sample

Time The article by Mary Oliver is very deep and passionate in a way you can’t help but relate to, in a way you almost understand where the writer is coming from. Through out this article the writer explains through out a poem of how it is to be a writer. The article fails to revolve around any specific thing but does so with descriptive elegance. Oliver is talking through her poetry and saying that she is her own self, and she will write down what she intends to. Through her article she throws around the words â€Å"ordinary† and â€Å"regular†, she doesn’t appear to be referring to herself in anyway, perhaps it is her idea or memory she is indeed referencing. The start of the article begins with the author just walking up on a crisp morning. Someone calls on her and she is forced to abandon the thought she had on her mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Power and Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She continues to talk about the things that drive you away from your concentration, like privacy, pencils, paper, and erasers. She describes how you can have an idea or thought on the very edge of your mind and just the slightest thing can drive it away, even if it’s the thought itself. She ponders upon the idea that a thought can drive away the same thought, then simultaneously switches to memories of her as a child ad how she is really still the same. â€Å"most of my education was intended to make me feel comfortable within it† (Mary Oliver). Mary Oliver then suggests that all of her education was not merely for her life use but just for comfort, which her education and views her discomfort as a benefit. She seems to have a backwards view on things most wouldn’t look at. She says that â€Å"The extraordinary is what art is really about†, (Mary Oliver) suggests that she herself does not wish to be ordinary? In her thinking, you have to be a risk-taker type of person to be extraordinary. She is recklessly working away at 6 a. m. in the morning regardless of any social calls. She’s trying to say that no matter what happens, it is up to her to get the poem written like as if she is completely devoted to it. She describes her attachment as loyalty towards the poem. When Oliver says to rejoice if she does not turn up for a meeting or event, she is trying to say; be happy for me, because I will be writing poetry. In Mary’s eyes, the most regretful people are those who felt the call to be great but didn’t act upon it. Mary Oliver is a difficult writer to understand but through it all, one could see what she is truly trying to say. Bibliography Oliver, Mary. Of Power and Time. Blue Pastures (1995).

Music Therapy The Power of Healing free essay sample

The healing power of music has existed since the beginning of human civilization. Music has grown to define a persons values and become an aspect of culture. Such a force has led medical specialists to believe In music therapy as a treatment Just Like any other drug would be. As a result, the music therapeutic field of study has grown over the past decades with support from new findings from extended research. Music therapy should be one of the top treatments for common medical situations, such as cancer, and should be present in all hospitals.Music as communication has Its beginnings tracing back to the beginnings of humankind. As Homo sapiens became more civilized, they developed language; as language became more sophisticated, communication became Integral to society; as communication connected more people, it cultivated a new force called music, a language that unified people with more than Just words. Various generations let music define their time period. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Therapy: The Power of Healing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If society can be affected largely by music in that way, the medical world would surely have a positive and growing response to music therapy.Humans already emote with music. Take, for an example, a film score that brings back memorable scenes Into viewers heads: Harry Potter, Indiana Jones, and Pirates of the Caribbean. For the Olympics and FIFE World Cups, there are thematic songs to incite enthusiasm in athletes. Thus, music has an undeniable impact on an individuals mood. Music in general has an inevitable biological effect on humans. Sound has evolved together with humans, and the human brain has become accustomed to responding to musics natural properties.The beat to certain types of music can stimulate brainwaves to resonate In sync with the beat (Scott). Music Is n experience for a brain to encounter _ Just as a human being learns from experience, the brain learns from music as faster beats [bring] sharper concentration and more alert thinking, and a slower tempo [promotes] a calm, meditative state (Scott). These activities can bring long-lasting benefits to the brain since it is like an exercise. The music can affect breathing and blood pressure, decrease stress hormones, and Increase the release of endorphins (Turner).The commonly used example of turning on Mozart for newborn babies for Intellectual benefit Is the appropriate evidence of musical effects on the brain. Monetary to the Mozart effect, new evidence and skeptics say that it is not exactly the music that enhances cognitive skills but rather the arousal of the brain and enjoyment and engagement (Hammond). Although this statement holds true, music is, after all, one of the first resorts that people go to for enjoyment. In fact, musical pleasure is encouraged by the same chemical systems In the brain activated by other types of pleasure such as food or sex (Glenn).It Is no wonder why, with music, parties seem more exciting, exercise is more endurable, cleaning is not as painstaking, feelings are easier to express, and people more effectively relate to each other. Music has the capability of controlling the mood of a collective as well as of an individual. Similar to how Des choose appropriate types of music to set the mood at clubs and parties, humans can set the mood of their minds. Smooth jazz on a romantic evening with a loved one, hip hop music to Jam out to In the car, blasting revea l the reality of the true connection between the mood in an environment and mood of the mind. When people interlink their own moods to the current environment, they become a group of individuals rather than Just individuals. Such a phenomenon would be important in order to reduce tension between disagreeable people. The natural ability of music to reduce tension on a macro scale can also be seen at a miniscule level; music, specifically the relaxing and calming kind, lowers blood pressure, reduces stress hormones, and relaxes muscles. Those who suffer from anxiety experience more positive moods when listening to music (Music and Mood).These people include, but are not limited to, cancer patients, the elderly, dementia patients, depressed patients, and those recovering from traumatic experiences. The hope of improving moods of the victims of life unavoidable adversities and medical conditions is what drives the growth of music therapy. The implementation of music therapy programs would lead to a positive change in the cultures of medical occupations and any interactive envir onments. The use of music for a specific purpose often comes with the ability to bring back memories.The Charlie Brown comic demonstrates musics time machine qualities and humans attraction to emotions no matter what feeling it is. Music enhances memory and communication, and it applies to all ages. For this reason, music therapists are able o work with both children and adults in order to improve their moods or alleviate their pain. Music can also be used nonverbally for patients who have trouble communicating; it is a very valuable therapeutic tool in [these] settings (Turner). Reese forms of music therapy promote change in reticent patients to become efficient communicators.To think of having an ambiance of encouraged communication everywhere schools, hospitals, nursing homes is like imagining a Nor where problems can be fixed with nonverbal dialogue. Comparing the benefits and disadvantages of drugs and music therapy makes one reconsider alternative treatments. If music therapy is the first treatment doctors recommend, drug therapy is not the first treatment patients receive. If music is the first solution humans turn to for comfort, drugs are not the first solution humans offer to loved ones.Music is already a part of ones identity, which gives us more reason to maximize the potential benefits of music. There cannot be a better opportunity when there are possibilities of manipulating music to mitigate pain. There should, and would, come a time where people choose [their] musical intake as carefully as [they] choose [their] food and friends (Music and Mood). Music therapy ND its implementation in various environments would keep the notion Music = nod alive. As Senator Harry Reid said, Simply put, music can heal people (Definition and Quotes About Music Therapy).

Final exam Review Guide Essays

Final exam Review Guide Essays Final exam Review Guide Essay Final exam Review Guide Essay Cohort: A non-experimental design in which a defined group of people (a cohort) is followed overtime to study outcomes for subsets of the cohorts; also called a prospective design. P. 234 prospective (cohort) designs (studies that begin with a resumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. 2. Randomized controlled (trial): A full experimental test of an intervention, involving random assignment to treatment groups; sometimes, phase Ill of a full clinical trial. Experiments (or randomized controlled trials [Rests]) Involve manipulation (the researcher manipulates the Independent variable by Introducing a treatment or Interventions control (Including use of a control group that Is not given the Intervention and represents the comparative contractually); and randomization or random assignment (with people allocated to experimental and control groups at random to arm groups that are comparable at the outset). P. 232 3. Factorial: (p . 14) experimental designs in which two or more independent variables are simultaneously manipulated, permitting a separate analysis of the main effects of the independent variables and their interaction. Terms (know definition and applicability) Contractually: chi 9 (p. 202) In a research context, a contractually Is what would have happened to the same people exposed to a causal factor If they simultaneously were not exposed to the causal factor. An effect represents the difference between hat actually did happen w ith the exposure and what would have happened without it. : This contractually model is an idealized conception that can never be realized, but it is a good model to keep in mind in designing a study to provide cause-and- effect evidence. Confounding: p. 177 The issue of contaminating factors?called confounding (or extraneous) variables. A variable that is extraneous to the research question and that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variables need to be controlled either in the research design or through statistical procedures. Causality: chi 9 (p. 01) cause effect Placebo: chi 9 A placebo or extemporaneously presumed to have no therapeutic value; for example, In studies of the effectiveness of drugs, some patients get the experimental drug and others get an innocuous substance. Placebos are used to to participants. (There can, however, be placebo effects?changes in the dependent variable attributable to the placebo condition?because of participants expectations of benefits or harms). Fa ctorial design: chi 9 (p. 214) When two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously and allow researchers to test both main effects and interaction effects. Randomized groups: Hawthorne Effect: p. 216 a placebo-type effect caused by peoples expectations. The term is derived from a set of experiments conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Corporation in which various environmental conditions, such as light and working hours, were varied to test their effects on worker productivity. Regardless of what change was introduced, that is, whether the light was made better or worse, productivity increased. Knowledge of being included in the study (not Just knowledge of being in a particular group) appears to have affected peoples behavior, thus obscuring the effect of the treatment. . Masking: (chi 9 p. 233 ) Blinding (or masking) is sometimes used devoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of group status restudy hypotheses. Single-blind studies involvement of one group (e. G. , participants) amendable-blind studies involve masking of two groups (e. G. ,participants, investigators). 2. Blinding: (same as masking) Also called Masking; Sometimes used to avoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of group status or study hypotheses. . Prospective study: prospective (cohort) signs(studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect) a. Cause Effect: Chi 9 p. 233 1. Switching replication design: p. 268 Replication studies are direct attempts to see if findings obtained in a study can be duplicated in another study. 2. Time series designs: In a time series design, there is no comparison group; information on the dependent variable is collected over a period of time before and after the intervention. Time series designs are often used in single-subject (N-of-l) experiments. 3. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posters: The nonequivalent intro group pretest-posters design involves using a normalized comparison group and the collection of pre-treatment data so that initial group equivalence can be assessed. 4. Quasi-experimental: Quasi-experimental designs (controlled trials without randomization) involve an intervention but lack randomization. Strong quasi- experimental designs include features in support of causal inferences. 5. ) After-only (posters-only) design: An experimental design in which data are collected from subjects only after the intervention has been introduced; also called an after-only design. ) Before-after (pretest-posters) design: An experimental design in which data are collected from subjects both before and after introducing an intervention; also called a before-after design. O Pretest-posters Design: chi 9 p. 233 A posters-only (or after-only)design invol ves collecting data only after an intervention. In a pretest-posters(or before-after) design, data are collected both before and after the intervention, permitting an analysis of change. ) Factorial design: An experimental design in which two or more independent variables are independent variables and their interaction. D) Crossover (repeated measures) sign : An experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment, preferably in random order. 6. Manipulation (of Variable) : p. 203 factorial design p. 234 chi 1. Correlations Study: describe how phenomena are interrelated without invoking causal explanations. 2. Inebriate descriptive study: examine the frequency or average value of variables. 3. Cohort Study: prospective (cohort) designs studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. 4. Path Analysis: which test causal models developed on the basis of theory 5. Triangulation (in qualitative studies) : The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to converge on an accurate representation of reality. Types of correlation studies: p. 224 Although correlation studies are inherently weaker than experimental studies in elucidating cause on page 232 Case control: (see below) Retrospective: p. 224 Also called Case-Control designs; Begin with the outcome ND look back in time for antecedent causes of saneness by comparing cases that Prospective: Also called Cohort designs; Studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. Crossover: When people are exposed to more than one experimental condition, administered in a randomized order, and thus serve as their own controls. CHAPTER p. 236-256 Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research Limitations of research designs (quantitative): p. 216 see CHI 10 PPTP Controlling Intrinsic Source of Confounding Variability p. 237 CHI 10 1. Stratification: chi 9 10th division of a sample off population into smaller units e. G. , males and females), typically to enhance representatives or to explore results for subgroups of people; used in both sampling and in allocation to treatment groups. (238) 2. Randomization: chi 9 10 p. 237 The researcher assigns participants too control or experimental condition on a random basis. E most effective method of controlling individual characteristics. The primary function of randomization is to secure comparable groups?that is, to equalize groups with respect to confounding variables. 3. Crossover design: (p. 215) A crossover design involves exposing the same people to more than one condition. This type of within-subjects design has the advantage of ensuring the highest possib le equivalence among participants exposed to different conditions?the groups being compared are equal with respect to age, weight, health, and so on because they are composed of the same people. . Matching: (p. 238) Matching (also called pair matching) involves using information What is the best approach to help control extraneous variables? P. 2550 The issue of contaminating factors?called confounding (or extraneous) variables o The best control method is randomization to treatment conditions, which effectively intros all confounding variables?especially within the context of a crossover design. Four types of validity that affect the rigor of a quantitative study. Know types. CHI 10 1. Statistical conclusion validity: Statistical conclusion validity concerns the validity of inferences that there is an empirical relationship between variables (most often ,the presumed cause and the effect). 2. Internal validity: p. 255 Internal validity concerns inferences that out-comes were caused by the independent variable, rather than by factors extraneous to the research. Threats to internal validity include: p. 236 chi 10 1. Emperor ambiguity (lack of clarity about whether the pre-summed cause preceded the outcome), 2. Election (preexisting group differences), 3. History (the occurrence of events external to an independent variable that could affect outcomes), 4. Maturation (changes resulting from the passage of time), 5. Mortality (effects attributable to attrition), 6. Testing (effects of a pretest), 7. Instrumentation (changes in the way data are gathered). Internal validity can be enhanced through Judicious design decisions, but can also be addressed analytically (e. G. , through an analysis of selection or attrition biases). When people withdraw from study, an intention-to-treat analysis (analyzing outcomes for all people in their original treatment conditions) is preferred to a per- protocol analysis (analyzing outcomes only for those who received the full treatment as assigned) for maintaining the integrity of randomization. 3. Construct validity: p. 255 concerns inferences from the particular exemplars of a study (e. G. , the specific treatments, outcomes, people, and settings) to the higher-order constructs that they are intended to represent. The first step in fostering construct validity is a careful explication of those constructs. Threats to construct validity can occur if the personalization of a construct fails to incorporate all of the relevant characteristics of the construct or if it includes extraneous content. Examples of such threats include subject reactivity, researcher expectancies, novelty effects, compensatory effects, and treatment diffusion. 4. External validity- concerns whether inferences about observed relationships will hold over variations in persons, setting, time, or measures of the outcomes. External validity, then, is about the generalization of causal inferences, and this is a critical once for research that aims to yield evidence for evidence-based nursing practice. External validity can be enhanced by selecting representative people, settings, and When is a study internally valid? Study validity concerns the extent to which appropriate inferences can be made. Threats to validity are reasons that an inference could be wrong. A key function of quantitative research design is to rule out validity threats by exercising various types of control. Control over confounding participant characteristics is key to managing many validity threats. The best control method is randomization to retirement conditions, which effectively controls all confounding variables?especially within the context of a crossover design. CHAPTER 20: p. 487-514 Qualitative Research Design and Approaches CHI 20: Qualitative research traditions have their roots in: (p. 489) 1. Ethnocentric (roots Anthropology)- focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants. Ethan-graphs strive to acquire an mimic (insiders) perspective of a culture rather than antic (outsiders) perspective. 2. Ethnomusicology (roots Sociology): seeks to discover how people make sense of their everyday activities and interpret their social worlds, so as to behave in socially acceptable ways. Within this tradition, researchers attempt to understand a social groups norms and assumptions that are so deeply ingrained that immerse no longer think about the underlying reasons for their behaviors. 3. Hermeneutics (allied with Phenomenology): focuses on interpreting the meaning of experiences, rather than just describing them. Types of grounded theory studies: (p. 498) Grounded theory aims to discover theoretical precepts grounded in the data. Grounded theory researchers try to account for peoples actions by focusing on the main concern that the behavior is designed to resolve. 1. Substantive theory is grounded in data on a specific substantive area, such as postpartum depression. It can serve as a springboard for- 2. Formal grounded theory, which is at a higher level of conceptualization and is abstract of time, place, and persons. The goal of formal grounded theory is not to discover a new core variable but to develop a theory that goes beyond the substantive grounded theory and extends the general implications of the core variable. . Charismas constructivist grounded theory has emerged as a method to emphasize interpretive aspects in which the grounded theory is constructed from shared experiences and relationships between the researcher and study participants. O Qualitative description: p. 505 qualitative description is perhaps viewed as a distributed residual category'(p. 82) that signals a confederacy of diverse qualitative inquirers. CHI 21 sampling in Qualitative Research: 1. Sampling Plan: The formal plan specifying a sampling method, a sample size, and procedures for recruiting subjects. 2. Data Saturation: The collection of qualitative data to the point where a sense of closure is attained because new data yield redundant information. 3. Transferability: (p. 530) The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings or groups; one of several models of generalization. 4. Reflexivity: In qualitative studies, critical self-reflection about ones own biases, preferences, and preconceptions. 5. Descriptive correlation: 6. Triangulation: The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to con-verge on an accurate representation of reality. . Patient- centered intervention: An intervention tailored to meet individual needs or characteristics. Use of Analysis of covariance for statistical control p. 443 Controlling confounding variables. Various approaches can be used to control confounding variables, many of which require measuring those variables. For example, for analysis of covariance, variables that are statistically controlled must be measured. P. 255 When randomization is not possible, other control methods include statistical control to remove the effect of a confounding variable statistically (e. G. , through analysis of covariance). Statistical power refers to the ability to detect true relationships among variables. Adequate statistical power can be achieved in various ways, the most straightforward of which is to use a sufficientl y large sample. When small samples are used, statistical power tends to be low, and the analyses may fail to show that the independent and dependent variables are related?even when they are. Another aspect of a powerful design concerns how the independent variable is defined. Typical sample size in qualitative study: (for various types of studies I. E. Phenomenology, grounded theory) p. 529 1. Ethnographers make numerous impaling decisions, including not only whom to sample, but also what to sample (e. G. , activities, events, documents, artifacts); decision making is often aided by their key informants who serve as guides and interpreters of the culture. 2. Phenomenological typically work with a small sample of people (10 or fewer) who meet the criterion of having lived the experience under study. . Grounded theory researchers typically use theoretical sampling in which sampling decisions are guided in an ongoing fashion by the emerging theory. Samples of about 20 to 30 people are typical in grounded theory studies. Typical sample size in grounded theory (see above) Types of Samples: 1. Convenience; p. 2761529 qualitative Convenience sampling entails using the most conv eniently available people as participants. A faculty member who distributes questionnaires to nursing students in a class is using a convenience sample. The nurse who conducts a study of teenage risk taking at a local high school is also relying on a convenience sample. The problem with convenience sampling is that those who are available might be a typical of the population with regard to critical variables. Weakest form of sampling 1. . Snowball: (p. 276/ 516) also called network sampling or chain sampling- is a variant of convenience sampling. With this approach, early sample members (called seeds) are asked to refer other people whom et the eligibility criteria. This sampling method is often used when the population is people with characteristics who might otherwise be difficult to identify (e. G. , people who are afraid of hospitals). Snowballing begins with a few eligible participants and then continues on the basis of participant referrals. 3. Purposive / Purposeful : (279) or Judgmental sampling uses researchers knowledge about the population to select sample members. Researchers might decide purposely to select people who are Judged to be typical of the population or particularly knowledgeable about the issues under study. 4. Responding to numerous criticisms and to their own evolving conceptualizations, a fifth criterion that is more distinctively within the constructivist paradigm was added: authenticity (Cuba Lincoln,1994). What is credibility in the- framework of quality criteria? P. 599 which refers to confidence in the truth value of the findings, is sometimes said to be the qualitative equivalent of internal validity. to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities and convey the feeling tone of lives as they are lived.

Sales and Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 27

Sales and Distribution - Essay Example The customer creation process also reveals how the SAP system handles the creation of unique customer IDs for new customers. The deep integration of customer data becomes evident as one goes through the process. For instance, the processing of a sales order from a customer involves linking back to a customer quotation that also includes discount data. Entering the quotation number in the system results in the quotation data populating the fields in the sales order screen. It thus becomes apparent that the entire order to cash cycle builds step to step as one proceeds through it. This gives the user an intuitive feel too for how the data is built at the back, and how the data is then re-used and made the basis for subsequent steps. It then also becomes apparent that getting the data right at every step of the process is crucial, because subsequent steps, in this case, the creation of a sales order, relies on accurate data from the quotation step in SAP that preceded it. Moreover, the process also involves integration with the inventory database and this is understood in the following step involving checking the status of the stock. This gives the user an idea of the level of integration of the data on inventories, production and other aspects of the supply chain further up and away from the perspective of processing an order. The cash to order process steps relies on the successful completion of previous steps, moreover, and the SAP system tracks successful completion. The successful delivery then is a prerequisite to the instigation of a successful billing procedure all the way to the creation of the invoice. Moreover, the integration of the data sets is evident in the way a user can track the accounting implications of an order after the creation of an invoice, and the posting of the receipt of payment.

Interpersonal communication about When Harry met Sally movie Essay

Interpersonal communication about When Harry met Sally movie - Essay Example One of the producers and writer, Nora Ephron won an Oscar award. The main characters, Harry and Sally whose real names are Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan were also nominated as the best actor and actress. The film received critical reviews, which were positive (Internet Movie Database, 1990). Some of the most credible critics cited that the film had some of the most entertaining scenes and funny. The theory proposes that relational closeness always progresses from a superficial state to one which is intimate (Kanu, 2008). Harry and Sally’s relationship only grew when they were alone after separating from their lovers. For example, Sally had broken up with her fiancà © Joe and had to disclose it to Harry. In another scene, Harry is seen alone (Reiner, 1989). Similar to what the theory proposes, the closeness between two people develops as a result of self-disclosure. The RDT theory posits that relationships between people always reflect the tensions existing when people are communicating which usually arises from conflicts (Kanu, 2008). In addition, the theory proposes that relationships focus on the opposing behavior of people. In the film, it is clear that Harry and Sally began to regret because of spending a night together. The characters depicted a sense of guilt in different scenes (Reiner, 1989). As proposed by the theory, there are opposing tendencies because a relationship cannot exist without parties sacrificing their self-rule. Harry said he felt it was a mistake. While Sally agreed to Harry’s opinions verbally, her non-verbal tone in one of the scenes indicated she did not feel it was a mistake. The film confirms that the concept of just being friends and not lovers is not true. The theory proposes that when there is an interaction between people, the uncertainty between them reduces (Kanu, 2008). The theory presumes that when the relationship is beginning to grow, there are many doubts. Harry and

Has Journalism Become Feminized Over Time Media Essay

Has Journalism Become Feminized Over Time Media Essay Introduction During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, journalism was dominated by man. When advertising became the main source for the newspapers profit, women journalists were hired in order to appeal to female audiences. However, they were assigned to soft news topics, such as fashion, the arts and domestic issues, because of the lack of professional reporting skills assumed by their male editors. Even when dealing with the politics or social issues, women journalists were required to write from the human interest angle and emphasize the events effects on people (Chambers et al. 2004, p14). In the past two centuries, studies have shown the influx of women into journalism. Feminists tend to focus on both the equality in the employment and the news representation of women in this progress. These two issues are of great importance when discussing the feminization of journalism over time. This essay aims to examine has journalism become feminized over time and show whether the influx of women entering journalism could shape the news and newsroom structure. This essay is divided into two parts. The first part discusses female journalists and their work in the newsroom. The second part analyzes how women are portrayed in the news. Women in the newsroom With more women entering journalism, there have been significant differences in the proportion of female employment in the media industry and the level of their occupations. According to a study conducted by the London College of Printing (LCP) School of Media in 1995, there were approximately 30,000 active journalists in the UK and 11,130 of them, nearly 40 per cent, were women. The highest percentage of women journalists was in periodicals where women journalist accounted for 55.6 per cent of the total. 40.8 per cent of journalists in broadcasting were women. Newspapers (22.6 per cent) had the lowest rate of women journalists. Statistics have shown that women have become an important part of journalism. According to van Zoonen (1998), it is the transformation to market-driven journalism that provided an opportunity for women journalists to enter, or even dominate, journalism. The main reason is that human interest news, audience needs and desires, and emotional investment are three key elements in the consumer-oriented journalism. They coincide with the characters of feminine news values. The news values in market-driven journalism have changed and consequently given potential for more women to become professional journalists. News and journalism at present, with its increase of human interest topics and angles, is becoming more and more feminine despite the ongoing minority of women in journalism. Those changes may open up journalism as a profession for women(van Zoonen 1998, p35). Van Zoonen highlights that the content and style of news are crucial factors that determining whether men or women are more s uitable to work in journalism. This is not the first time in the history that a large number of women entering journalism. Chambers et al. (2004) argue that this trend parallels the new journalism and the rise of sob sister journalism in Britain in the late nineteenth century. Therefore, from a historical point, it is possible to predict some outcome of the transformation to market-driven journalism. The rise of new journalism during the 1880s opened up the profession for women journalists. Chambers et al. (2004) point out that the new journalism was an emotional and sensational style that employed to attract readerships and this style brought two major changes to women journalists. First, the needs for interviewing and reporting about women enabled women to become journalists. Second, women were treated as independent subjects as they could represent the social changes. Women journalists became sob sisters to report about women movement or horrible conditions for women in order to advocate social reform. In addition, they were assigned to investigate stunts which would be regarded as extraordinarily daring for women. This can also be found in todays newsroom. Consequently, both new journalism and contemporary market-driven journalism have two characteristics: heavy criticism for abandoning objectivity and impartiality, and a trend of employing large numbers of women (Chambers et al. 2004, p201). Although the emergence of a market-oriental journalism has resulted in the influx of women journalists, women remain marginalized to the topics of politics and public policies. Creedon argues the increasing number of women in the news industry does not translate into superior power or influence for women; instead it has been translated to mean a decline in salaries and status for the field (1993, p17). The rise of women journalists does not necessarily indicate the advancement of female status in the profession, as a glass ceiling still preventing women to promote to key decision-making positions (Chambers et al. 2004). Delano (2011) finds out that in the newspapers, more women were working as reporters, while more editors or deputy editors are men. More female senior executives, assistant editors, news directors appeared in the periodicals and broadcasting, with 12 per cent were women and 4 per cent were men. This provides some clues about the imbalanced gender division in the news industry. Delano (2011) contends that it reveals an insufficient representation of women in national daily newspapers that van Zoonen (1994) defines as high prestige. In radio and TV, whereas female reporters are less than their male colleagues, more women become newsreaders. As the market-driven journalism calls for the human interest, emotional involvement and entertainment in news, anchoring has become a suitable profession for women (van Zoonen, 1998). Nevertheless, it does not necessarily mean a positive outcome for women. Holland (1987) argues that the reason more women becoming news anchors in Britain is that the newsreaders task has been regarded as a decorative performer rather than an originator of news. Female newsreaders have been constructed as pleasurable objects for men to look at and could not achieve the prestige as well as the political respect as their male counterparts. Hair that has not been done, lack of make-up, the less studied appearance associated with feminism, must be avoided (Holland 1987, p148). They found themselves dressing as the stereotype for the post-feminism working young women in the 1980s which was built by advertisements and magazines targeted at businesswomen. Holland highlights that women newsreaders are stuck in the conflicting definitions of femininity and of the news themselves trivialised, they can be blamed for trivialising (1987, p148). Anchorwomen are required to speak with a universal voice, yet they are excluded from both the political consensus and the ma sculine structure of language. It represents the deeply rooted female subordination in newsreaders. On the other hand, it is not always the same in Dutch television. The transformation of Dutch television news from 1985 enable female anchors become a majority. Van Zoonen (1998) points out that while they are of good-looking appearance, some of they are in their mid-forties and even fifties. They present a model of traditional female authority who acted as the caring and never-failing mother. Other anchorwomen, who are not old enough for motherly impact, are not spectacularly beautiful and like the ordinary neighbor you can trust. They embodied another women stereotype: the neighbors wife: as van Zoonen defines, very plain and very ordinary, yet very desirable. However, van Zoonen (1998) admits that female news anchors are needed because they provide womens touch in the news. Therefore, while more women are working as news anchors, it was their capacity of communicating as women instead of professional skills that was valued by the news media. The rise of women journalists has lead to the question that whether the news values would be feminized when women become a significant part in journalism. Some researchers have long claimed that women are likely to have distinct news values and perspectives. It brings about the discussion that whether women making news different from men. Van Zoonen (1998) summarizes the feminine values in journalism in terms of topics, angle, sources and ethics. Women journalists focus on topics like human interest news, consumer news, culture and social policy, which are usually neglected or marginalized in the masculine news values. Female journalists also tend to emphasize the backgrounds and effects of news stories, rather than the accumulation of facts in male news writing. In addition, they pay more attention to audience needs than men. As for sources, while women are likely to look for female spokespersons, men overwhelmingly use male sources and spokespersons. This difference, however, can be regarded as reflecting the personal networks of male journalists rather than being a representation of actual gender divisions among sources (van Zoonen 1998, p36). Nonetheless, van Zoonen (1994) points out that although studies show the differences between masculine and feminine values in journalism, these are in fact the reflections of self-perceptions and self-images, and do not necessarily lead to gender division in professional practice. This view is supported by Weaver (1997), who claims that few significant differences between women and men in journalism practices have been found, except that women use female spokespersons as sources. It may partly due to the fact that women have to accept masculine news values in their struggles to be considered as professional. On the other hand, some studies suggest that as a result of womens incursion into journalism, the definition of what is newsworthy has been expanded (Christmas 1997, Mills 1997). It brings about a more diverse range of topics in news, especially issues that particularly attract female audiences. Furthermore, a shift in news sources can also be identified. Journalists, especially women, may be stepping out of the more conventional news beat systems and tapping ordinary people as sources more often (Weaver 1997, p39). As can been seen, the impact of women journalists in changing news values is complicated. As Ross describes, gender alone will not make a difference in changing the culture of newsrooms or in the type of news produced (2001, p542). Factors such as socio-economic background and political values, rather than gender, are of more importance in shaping journalists attitudes and values. Likewise, newsroom and community environments are more influential factors in journalists professional conduct than gender (Weaver 1997). Women in the news Researchers have long been focus on how women are portrayed in the news content. Although more women have entered the newsroom, the changes they bring to the way issues are covered remain unclear, thus it is still hard to say that women have been more fairly treated in the news with more female journalists in the newsroom. The representation of women in the news has been formed in the masculinized discourse and fell into stereotypes. Allan (2004) finds four codes when concerning with gender in the news analyzing the broadsheets in Britain. First, using generic pronouns, for instance he, refers to both male and female news subjects. The views of men on the street are also used as the representation of public opinion. Second, the gender is explicitly pointed out when the news subjects are women, such as using the female victim instead of the victim. Third, the age, marital status and appearance of a female news subjects tend to be regarded as more relevant to the stories than for men. Finally, the news producers are more likely to employ male-centered naming, such as wife, girlfriend and mistress. By utilizing these codes, women are usually sexualized and related to male subjects. In the popular press, the sexualization of women is even more obvious. Bingham (2009) defines three phrases of the popular presss reporting of women and sex since 1918 and it could give a glimpse of how women were represented in the tabloids over time. The first phase, roughly during the inter-war period, showed that the popular press gave cautious treatment to the topic of sex. Although some space was given to the topics such as birth control, there was little open discussion of sexual matters. Generally, popular newspapers preferred the topics such as titillating divorce reports, exposures of the horrors of white slavery and gossips about the love romance of cinema stars (Bingham 2009). From the Second World War to the late 1960s was the second phase that a significant expansion of coverage of sex took place in the popular press. Sex began to be presented both as a source of entertainment and a subject that public required up-to-date information, thus received far more diverse-ranging, extensive and detailed reporting. For example, the Daily Mirror used more sexually explicit pin-ups and cartoons, and provocative content for titillation. Bingham (2009) argues that this tendency to employ female images enhanced the stress on women to see themselves as sexual playthings and to behave in accordance with media ideals of attractiveness that embodied masculine values. During the third phase, from the late 1960s, the sexualization of popular press became much broader and the family values in editorial seemed to lost its potency. Sexual aspect of the news, however slight the connection is to the main story, was highlighted in the news reporting in the popular newspapers (Bingham 2009). The Page Three girl in the Sun is one of the most controversial representations of women. As Holland (1998) claims, the display of topless women in the Page Three is the representation of male-oriented, sexual pleasure by which to attract a mass readership. The brashness, visual excitement and down-market appeal of the Sun are gendered around heterosexual male privilege. According to Holland, in this context, the visual is associated with a masculine insistence on the inalienable right to a lustful gaze (1998, p24). Similarly, Bingham believes that the pin-up was a feature in which the tension between commercial ambition and moral respectability played out in a very visible way. However disguised, it was, fundamentally, erotic entertainment for heterosexual men that could not be justified according to any ordinary scale of news values (2009, p227) . Furthermore, Holland points out that The Suns construction of female sexuality reflects a gendered politics of social identity. By using the Page Three Principle, The Sun associated sexuality with lifestyle. It is intemperate abuse, as Holland characterizes, that to those whose sexuality do not accord with their lifestyle. In the news reporting, the image of the sexy woman continues to be laid against female demons like single mothers, lesbian teachers and ugly women (Holland 1998, p25). This sexualization of gender difference has widened the gap between women and men and put constraint on womens public participation, because by reinforcing the sexual difference, the nature of the democratic discursive space is brought into question (Holland 1998, p28). The exposed women figures in popular press are regarded as a symbol of sexual pleasure, implying that women are linking with triviality, entertainment and public consumption. The different treatment between men and women can also been found in the reporting of sexual violence. The daily reporting of male sexual violence against women is normalized in masculine preferred patterns (Carter 1998). News reports encourage readers to blame female victims for mens violence. In six British daily tabloid newspapers, Carter (1998) finds that murder and rape are the most frequently covered categories of sexual violence, despite the fact that they are the rarest form of violence. The reporting of murder, particularly when women are the victims, constitutes 42 per cent of sexual violence coverage, while in the reality male are much more likely to become victims of homicide, with 68 per cent of all victims are male. The over-representation of the murder towards women creates the impression among readers that the world outside is highly dangerous places for women and girls, one in which sex crimes have become an ordinary, take-for-granted feature of everyday life (Carter 1998, p231). Moreover, regarding of news sources, Carter points out that male sources significantly outnumber female in the reporting of sexual violence, especially in terms of sources as expert opinion. Female news sources are likely to be seen as unauthorized voice and mostly been cited when an emotional or familial perspective are needed. Normalizing the sexual violence to women, even though the reverse is the reality, represents women as weak, trivial subjects that constantly suffer from violence. Conclusion This essay discusses has journalism become feminized over time from two aspects: women journalists in the news organizations and the representation of women in the news. The market-oriented journalism has engaged more women into the professional journalists. While more women entering journalism, women in the newsroom are largely disproportionate in terms of the level of positions, with a majority of women end up in the lower-status media occupation. Men still dominate the senior level of news organizations, which reproduce the subordinate role of women. The fact that more women appeared on the screen as news anchors is largely because of their gorgeous appearance. Women journalists may add some feminine characters to the news values, but whether it can change the news values that have long been established by men remains vague. Similarly, female subjects in news have not received equal and adequate treatment. Women are encoded in the male-centered news system. The sexualization of the popular press has represented women as the entertainment for the public in order to appeal to the male audience. An improvement of women as producers and subjects of news can be recognized in contemporary journalism, but to a limited scale. Gendered division still exists; masculine values continue to rule the news and newsroom. Journalism may still be far from being feminized.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 19

Damon wouldn't have thought a sadistic old fool who whipped a woman to pieces for not being able to pull a cart meant for a horse would have any friends. And Old Drohzne, indeed, may not have had any. But that wasn't the issue. Neither, strangely, was murder the issue. Murder was an everyday affair around the slums and the fact that Damon had initiated and won a fight was of no surprise to the inhabitants of these dangerous alleyways. The issue lay in making off with a slave. Or perhaps it went deeper. The issue lay in how Damon treated his own slaves. A crowd of men – all men, no women, Damon noticed – had indeed gathered in front of the doctor's building, and they did in fact have torches. â€Å"Mad vampire! Mad vampire on the loose!† â€Å"Drive him out here for justice to be done!† â€Å"Burn the place down if they won't turn him out!† â€Å"The elders say to bring him to them!† This seemed to have the effect the crowd desired, clearing the streets of the more decent people and leaving only the bloody-minded sort who'd been hanging about at a loose end, and were only too glad of a fight. Most of them, of course, were vampires themselves. Most of them were fit vampires. But none of them, Damon thought, flashing a diamond-bright smile around the circle that was closing in on him, had the motivation of knowing that the lives of three young human girls depended on him – and that one of them was the jewel in the crown of humanity, Elena Gilbert. If he, Damon, was torn to pieces in this fight, those three girls would lead lives of hell and degradation. However, even this logic didn't seem to help him prevail as Damon was kicked, bitten, head-butted, punched, and stabbed with wooden daggers – the kind that slice vampire flesh. At first he thought he had a chance. Several of the youngest and fittest vampires fell prey to his cobra-quick strikes and his sudden strafes of Power. But the truth was that there were simply too many of them, Damon thought, as he snapped the neck of a demon whose two long tusks had already scored his arm almost through the muscle. And here came a huge vampire, clearly in training, with an aura that made Damon feel bile at the back of his throat. That one went down with a foot in the face, but he didn't stay down; he came up, clinging to Damon's leg and allowing several smaller vampires with wooden daggers to dart in and hamstring him. Damon felt black dismay as his legs went out from under him. â€Å"Sunlight damn you,† he grated through a mouthful of blood as another tusked, red-skinned demon punched him in the mouth. â€Å"Damn you all to the lowest hells†¦.† It was no good. Dully, still fighting, still using great swaths of Power to maim and kill as many as he could, Damon realized this. And then everything became dreamlike and dazed – not like his dream of Elena, whom he seemed to see constantly in his side-eye, weeping. But dreamlike in a feverish, nightmare sense. He could no longer use his muscles efficiently. His body was battered and even as he healed his legs, another vampire scored a great cut across his back. He was feeling more and more as if he were in a nightmare where he could not move except in slow motion. At the same time, something in his brain was whispering for him to rest. Just rest†¦and it would all be over. Eventually, the greater numbers bore him down, and somebody appeared with a stake. â€Å"Good riddance to new rubbish,† the stake bringer said, his breath reeking of stale blood, his leering face grotesque, as he used leprous-looking fingers to open Damon's shirt so as not to make a hole in the fine black silk. Damon spat on him and had his face stamped on hard in return. He blacked out for a moment and then, slowly, came back to pain. And noise. The gleeful crowd of vampires and demons, drunk on cruelty, were all doing a stomping, rhythmic, improvised dance around Damon, roaring with laughter as they thrust imaginary stakes, working themselves into a frenzy. That was when Damon realized that he was actually going to die. It was a shocking realization, even though he'd known how much more dangerous this world was than the one he'd recently left, and even in the human world he had only escaped death by a hairsbreadth more than once. But now he had no powerful friends, no weaknesses in the crowd to exploit. He felt as if seconds were suddenly stretching into minutes, each one of incalculable worth. What was important? Telling Elena†¦ â€Å"Blind him first! Get that stick blazing!† â€Å"I'll take his ears! Someone help me hold his head!† Telling Elena†¦something. Something†¦sorry†¦ He gave up. Another thought was trying to break into his consciousness. â€Å"Don't forget to knock out his teeth! I promised my girlfriend a new necklace!† I thought I was prepared for this, Damon thought slowly, each word coming separately. But†¦not so soon. I thought I'd made my peace†¦but not with the one person who mattered†¦yes, who mattered the most. He didn't give himself time to think about that subject further. Stefan, he sent out on the most powerful but clandestine jettison of Power he could manage in his foggy state. Stefan, hear me! Elena's come for you – she'll save you! She has Powers that my death will let loose. And I am†¦I am†¦s – At that moment there was a stumbling in the dance around him. Silence descended on the drunken revelers. A few of them hastily bowed their heads or looked away. Damon went still, wondering what could possibly have stopped the frenzied crowd in the very midst of their revelry. Someone was walking toward him. The newcomer had long bronze hair that hung in separate unruly tangles down to his waist. He was naked to the waist, too, exposing a body that the strongest demon might envy. A chest that looked as if it had been carved out of gleaming bronze stone. Exquisitely sculpted biceps. Abs – a perfect six pack. There was not a spare ounce of fat on his entire tall leonine frame. He wore unadorned black trousers with muscles rippling under them at every step. All along one bare arm he had a vivid tattoo of a black dragon eating a heart. Nor was he alone. He held no leash, but by his side was a handsome and uncannily intelligent-looking black dog that stood at alert attention every time he paused. It must have weighed close to two hundred pounds, but there was not an ounce of fat on it, either. And on one shoulder he carried a large falcon. It wasn't hooded as most hunting birds were on forays out of their mews. It also wasn't standing on anything padded. It gripped the bare shoulder of the bronze young man, digging its three front talons into the flesh and sending small streams of blood down his chest. He didn't seem to notice. There were similar, dried streams beside the fresh ones, undoubtedly from previous journeys. In the back, a single talon made a lonely red trail. An absolute hush had fallen on the crowd and the last few demons between the tall man and the bloody, supine figure on the ground scrambled out of his way. For a moment, the leonine man was still. He said nothing, did nothing, emitted no trace of Power. Then he nodded at the dog, which padded forward heavily and sniffed at Damon's bleeding arms and face. After that it sniffed at his mouth and Damon could see the hairs go up on its body. â€Å"Good dog,† said Damon dreamily as the moist, cool nose tickled his cheek. Damon knew this particular animal and he knew also that it did not fit the popular stereotype of a â€Å"good dog.† Rather, it was a hellhound who was used to taking vampires by the throat and shaking them until their arteries spouted blood six feet high into the air. That kind of thing could keep you so occupied that having a stake slipped into your heart might seem an afterthought, Damon mused, holding perfectly still. â€Å"Arrtez-le!† said the bronze-haired youth. The dog obediently backed off, never taking its shining black eyes off Damon's, who never took his own eyes off it until it was some feet away. The bronze-haired youth glanced over the crowd briefly. Then he said with no particular vehemence, â€Å"Laissez-le seul.† Clearly, to the vampires no translation was necessary, and they began to edge away immediately. The unlucky ones were those who didn't edge fast enough and were still around when the bronze young man took another leisurely look about him. Everywhere he looked, he met downcast eyes and cringing bodies, frozen in the act of edging but apparently turned to stone now in an attempt not to attract attention. Damon found himself relaxing. His Power was returning, allowing him to make repairs. He realized that the dog was going from individual to individual and sniffing at each one with interest. When Damon was able to lift his head again, he smiled faintly at the newcomer. â€Å"Sage. Think of the devil.† The bronze man's brief smile was grim. â€Å"You compliment me, mon cher. You see? I'm blushing.† â€Å"I ought to have known you might be here.† â€Å"There is infinite space to wander, mon petit tyran. Even if I must do it alone.† â€Å"Ah, the pity. Tiny violins are playing – † Suddenly Damon couldn't do it anymore. He just couldn't. Maybe it was because of being with Elena before. Maybe it was because this hideous world depressed him unutterably. But when he spoke again, his voice was entirely different. â€Å"I never knew I could feel so grateful. You've saved five lives, though you don't know it. Though how you stumbled on us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sage crouched down, looked at him with concern. â€Å"What is it that has happened?† he said in a serious voice. â€Å"Is it that you hit your head? You know: news travels fast here. I heard you arrived with a harem – â€Å" â€Å"That's true! He did!† Damon's ears caught a bare whisper of sound at the edge of the street where he'd been ambushed. â€Å"If we take the girls hostage – torture them – â€Å" Sage's eyes met Damon's briefly. Clearly, he had heard the whisper as well. â€Å"Saber,† he said to the dog. â€Å"Just the speaker.† He jerked his head, once, in the direction of the whisper. Instantly, the black dog jumped forward, and faster than it took for Damon to describe it in his own mind, had sunk his teeth into the throat of the whisperer, flipped him over once, causing a distinctive crack, and was bounding back, dragging the body between his legs. The words: Je vous ai inform au sujet de ceci! blasted by on a surge of Power that made Damon wince. And Damon thought, yes, he did tell them before – but not what the consequences would be. Laissez lui et ses amis dans la paix! Meanwhile, Damon was slowly getting up, only too glad to accept Sage's protection for himself and his friends. â€Å"Well that certainly should have done it,† he said. â€Å"Why not come back and have a friendly drink with me?† Sage peered at him as if he'd gone mad. â€Å"You know the answer to that is no.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"I told you: no.† â€Å"That's not a reason.† â€Å"The reason I will not come back for a friendly drink†¦mon ange†¦is that we are not friends.† â€Å"We pulled some pretty scams together.† â€Å"Il y a longtemps.† Abruptly, Sage took one of Damon's hands. There was a deep and bloody scratch on it, which Damon hadn't got around to healing. Under Sage's gaze it closed, the flesh turned pink, and it healed. Damon let Sage continue to hold the hand for a moment, and then, not ungently, retrieved it. â€Å"Not such a very long time ago,† he said. â€Å"Away from you?† A sarcastic smile formed on Sage's lips. â€Å"We count time very differently, you and I, mon petit tyran.† Damon was full of befuddled cheer. â€Å"What's one drink?† â€Å"Along with your harem?† Damon tried to picture Meredith and Sage together. His mind balked. â€Å"But you've made yourself responsible for them anyway,† he said flatly. â€Å"And the truth is that none of them are mine. I give my word on that.† He felt a twinge when he thought about Elena, but his word was true. â€Å"Responsible for them?† Sage seemed to be reasoning it out. â€Å"You pledged to save them, then. But I only inherit your pledge if you die. But if you die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tall man made a helpless gesture. â€Å"You have to live, to save Stefan and Elena and the others.† â€Å"I'd say no, but that would make you unhappy. So I'll say yes – † â€Å"And if you don't perform, I swear I'll come back to haunt you.† Sage regarded him for a moment. â€Å"I don't think I've ever been accused of being unable to perform before,† he said. â€Å"But of course that was before I became un vampire.† Yes, Damon thought, the meeting of the â€Å"harem† and Sage was bound to be interesting. At least it would be if the girls discovered who Sage really was. But maybe no one would tell them.

Hewelett Packard Case Wiac

Human Resource management| HP Case| WAC Submission| | Submitted By: Syed Ahad GardeziM. Awais IbrahimSyed Ammar HassanZaid Rahman ShamsiMBA II29-Nov-12| Lahore School of Economics Submitted to: Prof. F. A. Fareedy Company Background: HP products were mainly electronic test and measuring instruments for engineers and scientist. Since then HP has added computers, calculators, medical electronic equipment and many more products. HP had 57000 employees worldwide and there were 20 manufacturing locations spread across the United States and 8 others around the world.Company’s objectives were first put in writing in 1957. Product Strategy: The prevailing importance is on R&D to products that will compete by new technical contribution rather than through marketing or to the competitive devices. The product strategy reflects the external modification, technical contribution and basic design or purposes of the instruments were not altered. HP’s focus was on technical contribution and short run profits rather than improving long term growth. Organization: The fundamental business unit at HP is the product division.The division is an incorporated self-sustaining organization with a great deal of independence. No product area is a division until it contains the six basic functions of R&D, manufacturing, marketing, quality assurance finance and personnel. At the end of 1980 there were 40 HP divisions. Coordination of divisions’ activities is the responsibility of 10 product groups. Financial Element: The financial reporting system also provides special statements to view each division’s success in worldwide management of its product line. Each ivision is measured along two dimensions: 1) The financial results of the actual manufacturing of products in the divisions. 2) The total worldwide activity in the divisions’ product line’s whenever they are manufactures. Capital allocations are negotiated during the yearly budgeting process al though divisions are expected to be self-sustaining over any time period. Human Resource Elements: Hiring is done by normal interviewing processes. Testing is rare and then limited to specialized skills tests mostly pertinent to a position.The confrontation with the problem growth in 1973 also led to the expansion of training in the values and methods of HP. Executive seminars were increased and a new series of courses started for supervisors on managing at HP. The course is offered for the employees and it was taught by the local personnel staff and by at least by one lone manager. The routine tasks of employees are carried by a comprehensive system of management by objective (MBO). By introducing this system HP thought that each group or division to operate as a completely separate business. So that divisions have freedom of choice in their operations.The perception of the entire team about the success of HP is the communication at each level of division which is due to trust, tea m work and openness. HP used a variety of techniques to encourage an ongoing dialogues with its. One way it tries to do this is by an open door policy. Supervisor was there to promote the employees and helped them in to seek any advice. The career was given a specific name at HP that was â€Å"career maze†. â€Å"This phrase acknowledges the normalcy of cross functional, cross divisional, and lateral moves that often occur over the course of career at HP. The performance appraisal and salary administration process also expose individual employees to many managers around the company. The performance components were predominant in the line with HP and moreover pay positions of the employees closely related to the performance. Problems Loss of Human Capital One issue that HP faces is the loss of human capital. The company is not very good in retaining its most important resource and is facing problems in this regard. The workforce of HP is so competent and all the employees are very proficient when they were hired that they only needed just a little bit of xperience and learning to touch the heights of success. HP spends too much of its resources and time to train these employees in such a way that they could make big decisions and right decisions on their own without any difficulties and hesitation. All this learning and experience make them capable of doing their own business and make them self sufficient. These employees then no longer want to stay in the company but want to grow by starting their own new ventures. Loss of these employees may not affect the company in short run but it will be very costly for HP in the long run. Doubtful Career of EmployeesAnother rather minor but an important issue in the company is that employees are not aware about when they will be promoted and where they could be working in the company for their next assignment. So there is so much ambiguity about the career of the employees due to which they cannot plan about thei r career. And when they are not sure about their career and could not plan much for it, they might get de- motivated which is again not a very good sign for the company. De-motivated employees cannot work on their full potential and efficiency and the loss is then beard by the company.Complex Organization Culture Thirdly the organizational culture of HP is varied and cannot be understood very easily and quickly. One of the reasons is that it is not very well defined by the company. Goals, objectives and strategies are very well communicated to the employees but then they are set free to choose whichever path they want to choose for accomplishing the tasks. Employees can give their input and suggestions to their supervisors about their jobs and also they can have flexible hours.Participative management style is used by the company but at the same time the case also discusses how new employees get confused when they were communicated the objectives of the company only and then theyâ⠂¬â„¢ll have to choose themselves how to achieve them by doing what? This is why most of them asked about what are they going to do about these objectives and what exactly was their jobs? Informal Environment The company has formalized procedures but they did not focus too much on following them. In fact, the president himself said that we don’t focus much n the ‘way’ but the only thing in which they are concerned with is the completion of tasks and achievement of deadlines. Despite having the formal procedures the company is using informal procedures and given employees full freedom so that innovation may continuously take place in the company. But on the same time it is a growing company with lots of potential. Currently it has fifty seven thousand employees which are expected to increase so such an informal and flexible culture would never sustain in a growing environment. Recommendations: Hp is a huge organization with about 57000 employees all together.The c ompany’s culture has been working fine for the employees who get involved in it and with time, they do become a part of it. In its culture, employees were given freedom of how to complete their tasks in a given time along with some set of procedures they had to comply with. This culture has been followed since the company’s long history and has proven to be successful and an edge over the other companies. To keep up with this culture and also to make new comers feel comfortable and see themselves as adjustable to it, we think that here, the role of the senior employees comes into part.The seniors have to be more compliant, more welcoming and help the new employees feel that now they are a part of it. Another problem we see in the case is a flaw in the Human Resource Department’s plan. As mentioned in the case that employees left the company in an effort to start their own ventures and when they failed with it and wanted to join Hp again, they were welcomed in th e company. First of all, there shouldn’t be employees who leave the company. Reasons for this should be identified and taken into notice.A reason mentioned in the case is that there were no defined career paths for the employees which could be a major reason for employees in leaving Hp. This matter should be resolved by proper succession planning and giving a defined path to the employees so that they get to know what position in the firm they might be aiming for in future. Secondly, the employees who wanted to rejoin Hp must not be welcomed to rejoin. This would create a norm within the employees of leaving and coming back whenever they wish to.If they have this idea in mind that it is safe to leave their job at any point in time and if they come back they’ll be accepted, they would work half-heartedly for Hp and not perform as they are capable of. So, we recommend that a fair of job security should be there in the employees before they decide to leave the firm. With a proper succession plan, the posts of the employees who leave should be filled instantly and the post would be no longer available for that employee who left. This way, the employees would think twice before leaving the firm and then make their final decision.